The Academic Profession and Scholarship: the Case of Czech Higher Education

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doi_dedup___::cfd4e03847a1d26411578821557e7822 2025-12-20T13:46:27.299856245

10.1080/0379772980230405 50|doiboost____|cfd4e03847a1d26411578821557e7822 1984047008 10.1080/0379772980230405 The Academic Profession and Scholarship: the Case of Czech Higher Education the academic profession and scholarship the case of czech higher education Jaroslava Vasutova 1998-01-01 This article discusses the intricacies of the relationship between the academic profession and scholarship in the current conditions of Czech higher education. It provides an overview of the evaluation parameters of the academic profession from different points of view. It also presents the two sides of the academic career in higher education: research and teaching, both composing scholarship, and their places in an academic career. The main problem for university teachers in the changing educational and social context of the Czech Republic is one of conserving those traditions judged to be useful and of stressing certain professional competencies over others. The research function is threatened by inadequate working conditions and administrative barriers. 4. Education 05 social sciences 0503 education 2007-06-25 2006-08-02 1998-01-01 Informa UK Limited Crossref false false false Higher Education in Europe true false 0.8 dedup-result-decisiontree-v4 Jaroslava Vasutova Informa UK Limited 1998-01-01 https://doi.org/10.1080/0379772980230405 https://doi.org/10.1080/0379772980230405 1998-01-01 The Academic Profession and Scholarship: the Case of Czech Higher Education 10.1080/0379772980230405 1998-01-01 10.1080/0379772980230405 10.1080/0379772980230405 1984047008 https://doi.org/10.1080/0379772980230405

doi_dedup___::33b85650657b0fa17dbaa5c4e30e3993 2025-12-20T13:48:55.709639383

10.1049/mia2.12136 50|doiboost____|33b85650657b0fa17dbaa5c4e30e3993 oai:doaj.org/article:c44d3db2463441a8aae5eccb542ca268 50|doajarticles::63db1b5f89532b652dab29d9dd97b9af 3167258668 10.1049/mia2.12136 A high‐gain circular polarization beam scanning transmit array antenna a high gain circular polarization beam scanning transmit array antenna Qingyun Zeng Zhenghui Xue Wu Ren Weiming Li Shiyi Yang 2021-05-30 Abstract A high‐gain circular polarization (CP) beam scanning antenna based on planar transmit array (TA) is proposed. The planar TA is implemented using rectangular patches and square rings, and it has different frequency responses to two orthogonal polarized incident waves owing to different phase distributions in x ‐ and y ‐direction. The TA can convert a linearly polarized spherical incident wave into a circularly polarized transmitted plane wave. In addition, beam scanning is achieved by in‐plane translation of the feed antenna. The procedure is demonstrated for high‐gain beam steering implementation operating in CP at the Ku‐band. Full‐wave simulation results demonstrate that the designed antenna enables elevation beam scanning from −33.6° to +33.6°, with a peak gain of 26.4 dBi. Scanning loss is better than 5 dB and the axis ratio remains below 3 dB for the entire scanning range in the frequency band of 13.9–14.9 GHz. Moreover, a prototype is fabricated and the measured results have good agreement with the simulated results, which confirms the feasibility of using this technology to achieve a high‐gain, CP, low‐cost and low cross‐polarization beam scanning antenna. Electricity and magnetism QC501-766 Telecommunication 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering TK5101-6720 02 engineering and technology 2021-05-31 2021-05-30 2021-09-01 Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) Crossref IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Vol 15, Iss 11, Pp 1519-1528 (2021) false true false IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation true false 0.8 dedup-result-decisiontree-v4 openorgs____::702a658f9208947ed97c158f4373edba http://english.bit.edu.cn/ BIT Beijing Institute of Technology 2021-09-01 Wiley Zhenghui Xue Shiyi Yang Abstract A high‐gain circular polarization (CP) beam scanning antenna based on planar transmit array (TA) is proposed. The planar TA is implemented using rectangular patches and square rings, and it has different frequency responses to two orthogonal polarized incident waves owing to different phase distributions in x‐ and y‐direction. The TA can convert a linearly polarized spherical incident wave into a circularly polarized transmitted plane wave. In addition, beam scanning is achieved by in‐p Qingyun Zeng Weiming Li Wu Ren A high‐gain circular polarization beam scanning transmit array antenna 2021-09-01 https://doaj.org/article/c44d3db2463441a8aae5eccb542ca268 https://doaj.org/article/c44d3db2463441a8aae5eccb542ca268 A high‐gain circular polarization beam scanning transmit array antenna 2021-05-30 Zhenghui Xue Shiyi Yang Abstract A high‐gain circular polarization (CP) beam scanning antenna based on planar transmit array (TA) is proposed. The planar TA is implemented using rectangular patches and square rings, and it has different frequency responses to two orthogonal polarized incident waves owing to different phase distributions in x ‐ and y< Qingyun Zeng Weiming Li 10.1049/mia2.12136 Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) Wu Ren CC BY https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/mia2.12136 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/mia2.12136 2021-05-30 CC BY https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12136 https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12136 10.1049/mia2.12136 CC BY https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1049/mia2.12136 2021-05-30 10.1049/mia2.12136 3167258668 10.1049/mia2.12136 CC BY https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12136 2021-09-01 10.1049/mia2.12136 https://doaj.org/article/c44d3db2463441a8aae5eccb542ca268

doi_dedup___::37a900ecb87c74d2eae7cd2bb138e6b6 2025-12-20T13:42:05.109275548

10.11606/d.3.2017.tde-07112017-082249 50|doiboost____|37a900ecb87c74d2eae7cd2bb138e6b6 2767374082 10.11606/d.3.2017.tde-07112017-082249 Modeling, construction and control of a self-balancing unicycle. modeling construction and control of a self balancing unicycle Gabriel Pereira das Neves 2018-04-10 4. Education 7. Clean energy 2018-04-10 Universidade de Sao Paulo, Agencia USP de Gestao da Informacao Academica (AGUIA) Crossref false gold false false true false 0.8 dedup-result-decisiontree-v4 Modeling, construction and control of a self-balancing unicycle. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Agencia USP de Gestao da Informacao Academica (AGUIA) 10.11606/d.3.2017.tde-07112017-082249 Gabriel Pereira das Neves 2018-04-10 2018-04-10 https://doi.org/10.11606/d.3.2017.tde-07112017-082249 https://doi.org/10.11606/d.3.2017.tde-07112017-082249 CC BY NC SA http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3139/tde-07112017-082249/publico/GabrielPereiradaNevesCorr17.pdf http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3139/tde-07112017-082249/publico/GabrielPereiradaNevesCorr17.pdf 2018-04-10 10.11606/d.3.2017.tde-07112017-082249 2767374082 10.11606/d.3.2017.tde-07112017-082249 https://doi.org/10.11606/d.3.2017.tde-07112017-082249 10.11606/d.3.2017.tde-07112017-082249 CC BY NC SA http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3139/tde-07112017-082249/publico/GabrielPereiradaNevesCorr17.pdf

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10.1159/000316193 50|doiboost____|37b79deba9aad4173ecf83046493d87c 2985607947 10.1159/000316193 80. Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und ärzte in Cöln am Rhein vom 20.–25. September 1908 (Part 3 of 3) 80 versammlung deutscher naturforscher und arzte in coln am rhein vom 20 25 september 1908 part 3 of 3 K. Frankenstein 1908-01-01 2010-06-04 2010-06-03 1908-01-01 S. Karger AG Crossref false false false Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation true false 0.8 dedup-result-decisiontree-v4 K. Frankenstein 1908-01-01 80. Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und ärzte in Cöln am Rhein vom 20.–25. September 1908 (Part 3 of 3) S. Karger AG 1908-01-01 https://www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses https://doi.org/10.1159/000316193 https://doi.org/10.1159/000316193 10.1159/000316193 1908-01-01 10.1159/000316193 2985607947 10.1159/000316193 https://www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses https://doi.org/10.1159/000316193

doi_dedup___::87702bb8d009070cddeb0fd5dfb45b39 2025-12-20T13:48:02.522915502

10.2139/ssrn.4601856 50|doiboost____|87702bb8d009070cddeb0fd5dfb45b39 S001393512302652X 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117848 50|doiboost____|ca36614dc4527e170d0068c2ff3cbf29 38065396 10.2139/ssrn.4601856 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117848 38065396 Effective Degradation of Phenol by Activating Pms with Bimetallic Mo and Ni Co-Doped G C3n4 Composite Catalyst: A Fenton-Like Degradation Process Promoted by Non-Free Radical 1o2 Effective degradation of phenol by activating PMS with bimetallic Mo and Ni Co-doped g C3N4 composite catalyst: A Fenton-like degradation process promoted by non-free radical 1O2 Effective degradation of phenol by activating PMS with bimetallic Mo and Ni Co-doped g C3N4 composite catalyst: A Fenton-like degradation process promoted by non-free radical 1O2. Miao, Tian Xuechang, Ren Suying, Ding Ning, Fu Yajun, Wei Zhenyu, Yang Xiaoqing, Yao 2023-01-01 The application of bimetal supported graphite phase carbon nitride in activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) process has become a research hotspot in recent years. In this study, 8-g C3N4/Mo/Ni composite catalyst material was successfully prepared by doping Mo and Ni in graphite phase carbon nitride. The bimetallic active sites were formed in the catalyst, and PMS was activated by the metal valence Mo6+/Mo4+ and Ni2+/Ni(0) through redox double cycle to effectively degrade phenol. When pH was neutral, the degradation rate of 20 mg/L phenol solution with 8-g C3N4/Mo/Ni (0.35 g/L) and PMS (0.6 mM) could reach 95% within 20 min. The degradation rate of 8-g C3N4/Mo/Ni/PMS catalytic system could reach more than 90% within 20min under the condition of pH range of 3-11 and different anions. Meanwhile, the degradation effects of RhB, MB and OFX on different pollutants within 30min were 99%, 100% and 82%, respectively. Electron spin resonance and quenching experiments showed that in 8-g C3N4/Mo/Ni/PMS system, the degradation mechanism was mainly non-free radicals, and the main active species in the degradation process was 1O2. This study provides a new idea for the study of bimetal supported graphite phase carbon nitride activation of PMS and the theoretical study of degradation mechanism. Phenol Phenols Nitriles Graphite Nitrogen Compounds 01 natural sciences 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Peroxides 2023-10-13 2023-01-01 2023-12-06 2024-02-01 Elsevier BV Crossref false false false Environmental Research true false 0.8 dedup-result-decisiontree-v4 openorgs____::985565cb760468885b6f21e4b7c38a3e LZJTU http://www.lzjtu.edu.cn/english/english.htm Lanzhou Jiaotong University openorgs____::c7ef1d89cdc3b3cc1ef7a645be6634d3 Lanzhou University http://en.lzu.edu.cn/ Lanzhou University openorgs____::6b667797999ab5d7fd2566baace51d84 http://www.english.lut.cn/ LUT Lanzhou University of Technology Ning Fu Zhenyu Yang Xiaoqing Yao Miao Tian Suying Ding 2024-02-01 Effective degradation of phenol by activating PMS with bimetallic Mo and Ni Co-doped g C3N4 composite catalyst: A Fenton-like degradation process promoted by non-free radical 1O2 Yajun Wei 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117848 Xuechang Ren 2024-02-01 Elsevier TDM https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117848 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117848 Elsevier BV Xiaoqin Yao Zhenyu Yang Ning Fu 2023-01-01 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4601856 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4601856 Miao Tian 10.2139/ssrn.4601856 Suying Ding Effective Degradation of Phenol by Activating Pms with Bimetallic Mo and Ni Co-Doped G C3n4 Composite Catalyst: A Fenton-Like Degradation Process Promoted by Non-Free Radical 1o2 2023-01-01 Xuechang Ren Elsevier BV Ning, Fu The application of bimetal supported graphite phase carbon nitride in activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) process has become a research hotspot in recent years. In this study, 8-g C3N4/Mo/Ni composite catalyst material was successfully prepared by doping Mo and Ni in graphite phase carbon nitride. The bimetallic active sites were formed in the catalyst, and PMS was activated by the metal valence Mo6+/Mo4+ and Ni2+/Ni(0) through redox double cycle to effectively degrade phenol. When pH was neutral, 2024-02-06 Xuechang, Ren Yajun, Wei Effective degradation of phenol by activating PMS with bimetallic Mo and Ni Co-doped g C3N4 composite catalyst: A Fenton-like degradation process promoted by non-free radical 1O2. Miao, Tian Xiaoqing, Yao 2024-02-06 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38065396 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38065396 38065396 Suying, Ding Zhenyu, Yang 2024-02-01 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117848 Elsevier TDM https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117848 2023-01-01 10.2139/ssrn.4601856 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4601856 2024-02-06 38065396 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117848 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38065396

doi_________::fbfff97a53a55e0f6a259b1ed5e1224f 2025-12-20T13:52:14.784833050

10.11606/d.3.1999.tde-26022025-142234 50|doiboost____|fbfff97a53a55e0f6a259b1ed5e1224f 10.11606/d.3.1999.tde-26022025-142234 Avaliação de projetos de barragens de terra no Estado do Ceará. Ivelise Marconi Strozberg 2025-02-26 2025-02-26 Universidade de São Paulo. Agência de Bibliotecas e Coleções Digitais Crossref false false false false false 0.91 null 2025-02-26 10.11606/d.3.1999.tde-26022025-142234 https://doi.org/10.11606/d.3.1999.tde-26022025-142234

doi_dedup___::45143ba7287b82f0ccf1f1880e255a87 2025-12-20T13:48:39.697935559

10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.996 50|doiboost____|45143ba7287b82f0ccf1f1880e255a87 12727707 2153299553 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.996 12727707 A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Omega-3 Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Treatment of Major Depression A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression. a double blind placebo controlled study of the omega 3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression Lauren B, Marangell James M, Martinez Holly A, Zboyan Barbara, Kertz H Florence Seung, Kim Lucy J, Puryear 2003-05-01 This study was an evaluation of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for the treatment of major depression.Thirty-six depressed patients were randomly assigned to receive DHA, 2 g/day, or placebo for 6 weeks. Response was defined a priori as a > or =50% reduction in the score on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Thirty-five participants were evaluable; 18 received DHA, and 17 received placebo.Response rates were 27.8% in the DHA group and 23.5% in the placebo group. The difference in response rates between groups did not reach statistical significance.This trial failed to show a significant effect of DHA monotherapy in subjects with major depression. Adult Male Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Depressive Disorder Adolescent Docosahexaenoic Acids Middle Aged 3. Good health Placebos 03 medical and health sciences Treatment Outcome 0302 clinical medicine Double-Blind Method Outcome Assessment, Health Care Humans Female 2003-05-01 2003-05-01 American Psychiatric Association Publishing Crossref false false false American Journal of Psychiatry true false 0.8 dedup-result-decisiontree-v4 openorgs____::874ea516f8301806c5b3d009c3ee6987 Baylor College of Medicine BCM https://www.bcm.edu/ Barbara Kertz A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Omega-3 Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Treatment of Major Depression Lauren B. Marangell American Psychiatric Association Publishing Lucy J. Puryear 2003-05-01 2003-05-01 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.996 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.996 H. Florence Seung Kim Holly A. Zboyan 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.996 James M. Martinez James M, Martinez Holly A, Zboyan 2003-06-17 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12727707 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12727707 Lauren B, Marangell Barbara, Kertz This study was an evaluation of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for the treatment of major depression.Thirty-six depressed patients were randomly assigned to receive DHA, 2 g/day, or placebo for 6 weeks. Response was defined a priori as a > or =50% reduction in the score on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Thirty-five participants were evaluable; 18 received DHA, and 17 received placebo.Response rates were 27.8% in the DHA group and 23.5% in the placebo group. The H Florence Seung, Kim 12727707 A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression. Lucy J, Puryear 2003-06-17 2003-06-17 12727707 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.996 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12727707 2003-05-01 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.996 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.996 2153299553 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.996

doi_dedup___::5d95abc666e12224cc9bc513e92b4026 2025-12-20T13:42:08.704118904

10.3389/fvets.2022.950063 50|doiboost____|5d95abc666e12224cc9bc513e92b4026 od_______267::e2d7a4b1af62b79de54324bc85956ffe 35990263 PMC9382108 oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9382108 50|od_______267::e2d7a4b1af62b79de54324bc85956ffe oai:doaj.org/article:a8ac8dbfd8494aa09c6dfd08d8acceda 50|doajarticles::34e65e731da8135d4895558ee0339fa6 10.3389/fvets.2022.950063 35990263 PMC9382108 Effects of zearalenone on ovarian development of prepubertal gilts through growth hormone axis Effects of zearalenone on ovarian development of prepubertal gilts through growth hormone axis. Fengyang Wu Lijie Gao Fei Li Jia Cui Xinyu Yang Yanhua Liu Saijuan Chen Saijuan Chen Baojiang Chen 2022-08-03 This experiment aimed to establish the effects of zearalenone (ZEN) on ovarian development in prepubertal gilts through the growth hormone axis [growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) / growth hormone (GH) / growth hormone receptor (GHR)]. In a 40-day experiment, 48 Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred prepubertal gilts were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments, including a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 400 (T1), 800 (T2), and 1,600 (T3) μg/kg ZEN. The ovary index of T2 (P = 0.058) and T3 (P = 0.065) increased compared to the control group. Besides, histopathological examination revealed that ZEN promoted the development of ovaries and follicles. The GHR content, relative expression levels of GHR, janus activated kinase 2 (JAK2) mRNA, and mean optical density of GHR in the ovaries of prepubertal gilts in the T2 experimental group increased significantly at P &lt; 0.05 compared to the control group. The T3 group had significantly higher GHR content, relative JAK2 expression levels, and signal transducer and activator of transcriptions 3 (STAT3) mRNA. In conclusion, ZEN enhances the biological effect of GH, promotes the development of the ovary (follicle), and exerts reproductive toxicity by increasing the expression level of GHR, JAK2, and STAT3 mRNA ovary and immune intensity of GHR protein. 0301 basic medicine 0303 health sciences 03 medical and health sciences growth hormone receptor prepubertal gilts Veterinary medicine zearalenone growth hormone SF600-1100 growth hormone-releasing hormone ovary Veterinary Science 3. Good health 2022-08-03 2022-08-03 Frontiers Media SA Crossref Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol 9 (2022) Front Vet Sci true gold false false Frontiers in Veterinary Science true false 0.8 dedup-result-decisiontree-v4 ena_________::92b0a4492aa341af6405e5cee5320bc4 L11869 l11869 2018-06-25 CC 0 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/L11869 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/L11869 2018-06-25 2022-08-25 CC 0 http://identifiers.org/ebi/ena.embl:L11869 http://identifiers.org/ebi/ena.embl:L11869 openorgs____::32c0be1edefa983b8cb1e221f4ee5cd2 Agricultural University of Hebei http://www.hebau.edu.cn/ Agricultural University of Hebei ena_________::5055063b83573b1bb701f990eda34dc9 jf276447 JF276447 2022-08-25 2022-08-25 CC 0 http://identifiers.org/ebi/ena.embl:JF276447 http://identifiers.org/ebi/ena.embl:JF276447 openorgs____::4ed939017fb6e4c64b44efd19f66818a http://www.si.edu/ Smithsonian Institution SI openorgs____::02f3be2e3d96df6ec45f8d7226ef14b8 CRC https://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/ Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Effects of zearalenone on ovarian development of prepubertal gilts through growth hormone axis Xinyu Yang Jia Cui Yanhua Liu Lijie Gao 2022-08-01 https://doaj.org/article/a8ac8dbfd8494aa09c6dfd08d8acceda https://doaj.org/article/a8ac8dbfd8494aa09c6dfd08d8acceda This experiment aimed to establish the effects of zearalenone (ZEN) on ovarian development in prepubertal gilts through the growth hormone axis [growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) / growth hormone (GH) / growth hormone receptor (GHR)]. In a 40-day experiment, 48 Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred prepubertal gilts were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments, including a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 400 (T1), 800 (T2), and 1,600 (T3) μg/kg ZEN. The ovary index of T2 (P = 0.05 Saijuan Chen 2022-08-01 Fei Li Frontiers Media S.A. Fengyang Wu Baojiang Chen Effects of zearalenone on ovarian development of prepubertal gilts through growth hormone axis. Baojiang, Chen Jia, Cui https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35990263 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35990263 This experiment aimed to establish the effects of zearalenone (ZEN) on ovarian development in prepubertal gilts through the growth hormone axis [growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) / growth hormone (GH) / growth hormone receptor (GHR)]. In a 40-day experiment, 48 Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred prepubertal gilts were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments, including a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 400 (T1), 800 (T2), and 1,600 (T3) μg/kg ZEN. The ovary index of T2 (P = 0.05 PMC9382108 Fengyang, Wu Lijie, Gao Xinyu, Yang Fei, Li 35990263 Saijuan, Chen Yanhua, Liu Effects of zearalenone on ovarian development of prepubertal gilts through growth hormone axis Chen, Saijuan Yang, Xinyu 2022-08-03 CC BY http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.950063 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.950063 This experiment aimed to establish the effects of zearalenone (ZEN) on ovarian development in prepubertal gilts through the growth hormone axis [growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) / growth hormone (GH) / growth hormone receptor (GHR)]. In a 40-day experiment, 48 Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred prepubertal gilts were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments, including a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 400 (T1), 800 (T2), and 1,600 (T3) μg/kg ZEN. The ovary index of T2 (P = 0.05 Gao, Lijie 2022-08-03 Wu, Fengyang Frontiers Media S.A. Chen, Baojiang Liu, Yanhua Li, Fei Cui, Jia Xinyu Yang Jia Cui Yanhua Liu Lijie Gao Frontiers Media SA Saijuan Chen Fei Li 2022-08-03 This experiment aimed to establish the effects of zearalenone (ZEN) on ovarian development in prepubertal gilts through the growth hormone axis [growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) / growth hormone (GH) / growth hormone receptor (GHR)]. In a 40-day experiment, 48 Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred prepubertal gilts were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments, including a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 400 (T1), 800 (T2), and 1,600 (T3) μg/kg ZEN. The ovary index of T2 ( 10.3389/fvets.2022.950063 Effects of zearalenone on ovarian development of prepubertal gilts through growth hormone axis 2022-08-03 CC BY https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.950063 https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.950063 Fengyang Wu Baojiang Chen PMC9382108 35990263 10.3389/fvets.2022.950063 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35990263 2022-08-01 10.3389/fvets.2022.950063 https://doaj.org/article/a8ac8dbfd8494aa09c6dfd08d8acceda 2022-08-03 10.3389/fvets.2022.950063 10.3389/fvets.2022.950063 CC BY https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.950063 1. Rai A, Das M, Tripathi A. Occurrence and toxicity of a fusarium mycotoxin, zearalenone. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2020) 60:2710-29. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1655388 2. Cortinovis C, Pizzo F, Spicer LJ, Caloni F. Fusarium mycotoxins: effects on reproductive function in domestic animals-a review. Theriogenology. (2013) 80:557-64. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.06.018 3. Marin DE, Taranu I, Burlacu R, Manda G, Motiu M, Neagoe I, et al. Effects of zearalenone and its derivatives on porcine immune response. Toxicol In Vitro. (2011) 25:1981-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.022 4. Gruber-Dorninger C, Jenkins T, Schatzmayr G. Global mycotoxin occurrence in feed: a ten-year survey. Toxins (Basel). (2019) 11:375. doi: 10.3390/toxins11070375 5. Hu HY, Jia Q, Zhou B, Zhang J, Li ZQ, Liu ZW. Comparative analysis of the ovarian transcriptome reveals novel insights into fertility differences in and associated guide-lines, EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments. 6. Dai ML, Jiang SZ, Yuan XJ, Yang WR, Yang ZB, Huang LB. Effects of zearalenone-diet on expression of ghrelin and PCNA genes in ovaries of post-weaning piglets. Anim Reprod Sci. (2016) 168:126-37. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.03.006 7. Yang LJ, Zhou M, Huang LB, Yang WR, Yang ZB, Jiang SZ, et al. Zearalenonepromoted follicle growth through modulation of wnt-1/β-catenin signaling pathway and expression of estrogen receptor genes in ovaries of postweaning piglets. J Agric Food Chem. (2018) 66:7899-906. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02101 8. Kong L, Zhao AH, Wang QW, Feng YQ, Yan ZH, Li MH, et al. Maternal Zearalenone exposure impacted ovarian follicle formation and development of suckled offspring. Sci Total Environ. (2021) 788:147792. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147792 9. Zhou F, Zhang H, Cong Z, Zhao LH, Zhou Q, Mao C, et al. Structural basis for activation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. Nat Commun. (2020) 11:5205. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18945-0 10. Hrabia A, Paczoska-Eliasiewicz HE, Berghman LR, Harvey S, Rzasa J. Expression and localization of growth hormone and its receptors in the chicken ovary during sexual maturation. Cell Tissue Res. (2008) 332:317-28. doi: 10.1007/s00441-008-0595-7 11. Zhou M, Yang LJ, Yang WR, Huang LB, Zhou XM, Jiang SZ, et al. Effects of zearalenone on the localization and expression of the growth hormone receptor gene in the uteri of post-weaning piglets. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. (2018) 31:32-9. doi: 10.5713/ajas.17.0526 12. Ford EA, Beckett EL, Roman SD, McLaughlin EA, Sutherland JM. Advances in human primordial follicle activation and premature ovarian insufficiency. Reproduction. (2020) 159:15-29. doi: 10.1530/REP-19-0201 13. Foerster C, Muñoz K, Delgado-Rivera L, Rivera A, Cortés S, Müller A, et al. Occurrence of relevant mycotoxins in food commodities consumed in Chile. Mycotoxin Res. (2020) 36:63-72. doi: 10.1007/s12550-019-00369-5 14. Ojuri OT, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Ezeokoli OT, Oyedele OA, Ayeni KI, et al. Assessing the mycotoxicological risk from consumption of complementary foods by infants and young children in Nigeria. Food Chem Toxicol. (2018) 121:37-50. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.025 15. Rogowska A, Pomastowski P, Sagandykova G, Buszewski B. Zearalenone and its metabolites: Effect on human health, metabolism and neutralisation methods. Toxicon. (2019) 162:46-56. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.004 16. Asci A, Durmaz E, Erkekoglu P, Pasli D, Bircan I, Kocer-Gumusel B. Urinary zearalenone levels in girls with premature thelarche and idiopathic central precocious puberty. Minerva Pediatr. (2014) 66:571-8. doi: 10.1121/1.3073734 17. Schoevers EJ, Santos RR, Colenbrander B, Fink-Gremmels J, Roelen BA. Transgenerational toxicity of Zearalenone in pigs. Reprod Toxicol. (2012) 34:110-9. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.03.004 18. Fu GH, Wang LH, Li L, Liu JR, Liu SZ, Zhao X. Bacillus licheniformis CK1 alleviates the toxic effects of zearalenone in feed on weaned female Tibetan piglets. J Anim Sci. (2018) 96:4471-80. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky301 19. Wu FY, Cu J, Yang XY, Chen BJ. Effects of zearalenone on uterus development, growth hormone secretion and its receptor distribution and expression in prepubertal gilts. Acta Zoonutrimenta Sinica. (2021) 33:217-26. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2021.01.023 20. Olivares VH, Hallford DM. Growth and carcass characteristics and serum growth hormone, prolactin and insulin profiles in Debouillet lambs treated with ovine growth hormone and(or) zeranol. J Anim Sci. (1990) 68:1971-9. doi: 10.2527/1990.6871971x 21. Thomas MG, Carroll JA, Raymond SR, Matteri RL, Keisler DH. Transcriptional regulation of pituitary synthesis and secretion of growth hormone in growing wethers and the influence of zeranol on these mechanisms. Domest Anim Endocrinol. (2000) 18:309-24. doi: 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00 052-7 22. Devesa J, Caicedo D. The role of growth hormone on ovarian functioning and ovarian angiogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). (2019) 10:450. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00450 23. Dehkhoda F, Lee CMM, Medina J, Brooks AJ. The growth hormone receptor: mechanism of receptor activation, cell signaling, and physiological aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). (2018) 9:35. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00035 24. Song TT, Liu XF, Yuan XJ, Yang WR, Liu FX, Hou YM, et al. Dose-effect of zearalenone on the localization and expression of growth hormone, growth hormone receptor, and heat shock protein 70 in the ovaries of post-weaning gilts. Front Vet Sci. (2021) 8:629006. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.629006 25. Rughani A, Zhang DS, Vairamani K, Dauber A, Hwa V, Krishnan S. Severe growth failure associated with a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation in the GHR transmembrane domain leading to elevated growth hormone binding protein. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). (2020) 92:331-7. doi: 10.1111/cen.14148 26. Feng Q, Gao B, Huang H, Zou LX, Zhao XP, Zhu XT, et al. Growth hormone promotes human endometrial glandular cells proliferation and motion through the GHR-STAT3/5 pathway. Ann Transl Med. (2020) 8:53. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.08 27. Xu Y, Sun MH, Li XH, Ju JQ, Chen LY, Sun YR, et al. Modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate-supplemented diet protects porcine oocyte quality from zearalenone toxicity. Environ Mol Mutagen. (2021) 62:124-32. doi: 10.1002/em.22399 28. Zhang FL, Kong L, Zhao AH, et al. Inflammatory cytokines as key players of apoptosis induced by environmental estrogens in the ovary. Environ Res. (2021) 198:111225. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111225 29. Zhu YF, Wang H, Wang JP, Han SS, Zhang Y, Ma MG, et al. Zearalenone induces apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy in chicken granulosa cells by PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Toxins (Basel). (2021) 13:199. doi: 10.3390/toxins13030199 30. Wang L, Tang JH, Wang L, Tan F, Song HB, Zhou JW, et al. Oxidative stress in oocyte aging and female reproduction. J Cell Physiol. (2021) 236:7966-83. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30468 31. Wang W, Luo SM, Ma JY, Shen W, Yin S. Cytotoxicity and DNA damage caused from diazinon exposure by inhibiting the PI3K-AKT pathway in porcine ovarian granulosa cells. J Agric Food Chem. (2019) 67:19-31. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05194 1. Rai A, Das M, Tripathi A. Occurrence and toxicity of a fusarium mycotoxin, zearalenone. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2020) 60:2710-29. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1655388 2. Cortinovis C, Pizzo F, Spicer LJ, Caloni F. Fusarium mycotoxins: effects on reproductive function in domestic animals-a review. Theriogenology. (2013) 80:557-64. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.06.018 3. Marin DE, Taranu I, Burlacu R, Manda G, Motiu M, Neagoe I, et al. Effects of zearalenone and its derivatives on porcine immune response. Toxicol In Vitro. (2011) 25:1981-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.022 4. Gruber-Dorninger C, Jenkins T, Schatzmayr G. Global mycotoxin occurrence in feed: a ten-year survey. Toxins (Basel). (2019) 11:375. doi: 10.3390/toxins11070375 5. Hu HY, Jia Q, Zhou B, Zhang J, Li ZQ, Liu ZW. Comparative analysis of the ovarian transcriptome reveals novel insights into fertility differences in and associated guide-lines, EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments. 6. Dai ML, Jiang SZ, Yuan XJ, Yang WR, Yang ZB, Huang LB. Effects of zearalenone-diet on expression of ghrelin and PCNA genes in ovaries of post-weaning piglets. Anim Reprod Sci. (2016) 168:126-37. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.03.006 7. Yang LJ, Zhou M, Huang LB, Yang WR, Yang ZB, Jiang SZ, et al. Zearalenonepromoted follicle growth through modulation of wnt-1/β-catenin signaling pathway and expression of estrogen receptor genes in ovaries of postweaning piglets. J Agric Food Chem. (2018) 66:7899-906. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02101 8. Kong L, Zhao AH, Wang QW, Feng YQ, Yan ZH, Li MH, et al. Maternal Zearalenone exposure impacted ovarian follicle formation and development of suckled offspring. Sci Total Environ. (2021) 788:147792. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147792 9. Zhou F, Zhang H, Cong Z, Zhao LH, Zhou Q, Mao C, et al. Structural basis for activation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. Nat Commun. (2020) 11:5205. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18945-0 10. Hrabia A, Paczoska-Eliasiewicz HE, Berghman LR, Harvey S, Rzasa J. Expression and localization of growth hormone and its receptors in the chicken ovary during sexual maturation. Cell Tissue Res. (2008) 332:317-28. doi: 10.1007/s00441-008-0595-7 11. Zhou M, Yang LJ, Yang WR, Huang LB, Zhou XM, Jiang SZ, et al. Effects of zearalenone on the localization and expression of the growth hormone receptor gene in the uteri of post-weaning piglets. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. (2018) 31:32-9. doi: 10.5713/ajas.17.0526 12. Ford EA, Beckett EL, Roman SD, McLaughlin EA, Sutherland JM. Advances in human primordial follicle activation and premature ovarian insufficiency. Reproduction. (2020) 159:15-29. doi: 10.1530/REP-19-0201 13. Foerster C, Muñoz K, Delgado-Rivera L, Rivera A, Cortés S, Müller A, et al. Occurrence of relevant mycotoxins in food commodities consumed in Chile. Mycotoxin Res. (2020) 36:63-72. doi: 10.1007/s12550-019-00369-5 14. Ojuri OT, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Ezeokoli OT, Oyedele OA, Ayeni KI, et al. Assessing the mycotoxicological risk from consumption of complementary foods by infants and young children in Nigeria. Food Chem Toxicol. (2018) 121:37-50. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.025 15. Rogowska A, Pomastowski P, Sagandykova G, Buszewski B. Zearalenone and its metabolites: Effect on human health, metabolism and neutralisation methods. Toxicon. (2019) 162:46-56. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.004 16. Asci A, Durmaz E, Erkekoglu P, Pasli D, Bircan I, Kocer-Gumusel B. Urinary zearalenone levels in girls with premature thelarche and idiopathic central precocious puberty. Minerva Pediatr. (2014) 66:571-8. doi: 10.1121/1.3073734 17. Schoevers EJ, Santos RR, Colenbrander B, Fink-Gremmels J, Roelen BA. Transgenerational toxicity of Zearalenone in pigs. Reprod Toxicol. (2012) 34:110-9. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.03.004 18. Fu GH, Wang LH, Li L, Liu JR, Liu SZ, Zhao X. Bacillus licheniformis CK1 alleviates the toxic effects of zearalenone in feed on weaned female Tibetan piglets. J Anim Sci. (2018) 96:4471-80. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky301 19. Wu FY, Cu J, Yang XY, Chen BJ. Effects of zearalenone on uterus development, growth hormone secretion and its receptor distribution and expression in prepubertal gilts. Acta Zoonutrimenta Sinica. (2021) 33:217-26. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2021.01.023 20. Olivares VH, Hallford DM. Growth and carcass characteristics and serum growth hormone, prolactin and insulin profiles in Debouillet lambs treated with ovine growth hormone and(or) zeranol. J Anim Sci. (1990) 68:1971-9. doi: 10.2527/1990.6871971x 21. Thomas MG, Carroll JA, Raymond SR, Matteri RL, Keisler DH. Transcriptional regulation of pituitary synthesis and secretion of growth hormone in growing wethers and the influence of zeranol on these mechanisms. Domest Anim Endocrinol. (2000) 18:309-24. doi: 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00 052-7 22. Devesa J, Caicedo D. The role of growth hormone on ovarian functioning and ovarian angiogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). (2019) 10:450. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00450 23. Dehkhoda F, Lee CMM, Medina J, Brooks AJ. The growth hormone receptor: mechanism of receptor activation, cell signaling, and physiological aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). (2018) 9:35. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00035 24. Song TT, Liu XF, Yuan XJ, Yang WR, Liu FX, Hou YM, et al. Dose-effect of zearalenone on the localization and expression of growth hormone, growth hormone receptor, and heat shock protein 70 in the ovaries of post-weaning gilts. Front Vet Sci. (2021) 8:629006. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.629006 25. Rughani A, Zhang DS, Vairamani K, Dauber A, Hwa V, Krishnan S. Severe growth failure associated with a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation in the GHR transmembrane domain leading to elevated growth hormone binding protein. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). (2020) 92:331-7. doi: 10.1111/cen.14148 26. Feng Q, Gao B, Huang H, Zou LX, Zhao XP, Zhu XT, et al. Growth hormone promotes human endometrial glandular cells proliferation and motion through the GHR-STAT3/5 pathway. Ann Transl Med. (2020) 8:53. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.08 27. Xu Y, Sun MH, Li XH, Ju JQ, Chen LY, Sun YR, et al. Modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate-supplemented diet protects porcine oocyte quality from zearalenone toxicity. Environ Mol Mutagen. (2021) 62:124-32. doi: 10.1002/em.22399 28. Zhang FL, Kong L, Zhao AH, et al. Inflammatory cytokines as key players of apoptosis induced by environmental estrogens in the ovary. Environ Res. (2021) 198:111225. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111225 29. Zhu YF, Wang H, Wang JP, Han SS, Zhang Y, Ma MG, et al. Zearalenone induces apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy in chicken granulosa cells by PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Toxins (Basel). (2021) 13:199. doi: 10.3390/toxins13030199 30. Wang L, Tang JH, Wang L, Tan F, Song HB, Zhou JW, et al. Oxidative stress in oocyte aging and female reproduction. J Cell Physiol. (2021) 236:7966-83. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30468 31. Wang W, Luo SM, Ma JY, Shen W, Yin S. Cytotoxicity and DNA damage caused from diazinon exposure by inhibiting the PI3K-AKT pathway in porcine ovarian granulosa cells. J Agric Food Chem. (2019) 67:19-31. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05194 1. Rai A, Das M, Tripathi A. Occurrence and toxicity of a fusarium mycotoxin, zearalenone. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2020) 60:2710-29. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1655388 2. Cortinovis C, Pizzo F, Spicer LJ, Caloni F. Fusarium mycotoxins: effects on reproductive function in domestic animals-a review. Theriogenology. (2013) 80:557-64. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.06.018 3. Marin DE, Taranu I, Burlacu R, Manda G, Motiu M, Neagoe I, et al. Effects of zearalenone and its derivatives on porcine immune response. Toxicol In Vitro. (2011) 25:1981-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.022 4. Gruber-Dorninger C, Jenkins T, Schatzmayr G. Global mycotoxin occurrence in feed: a ten-year survey. Toxins (Basel). (2019) 11:375. doi: 10.3390/toxins11070375 5. Hu HY, Jia Q, Zhou B, Zhang J, Li ZQ, Liu ZW. Comparative analysis of the ovarian transcriptome reveals novel insights into fertility differences in and associated guide-lines, EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments. 6. Dai ML, Jiang SZ, Yuan XJ, Yang WR, Yang ZB, Huang LB. Effects of zearalenone-diet on expression of ghrelin and PCNA genes in ovaries of post-weaning piglets. Anim Reprod Sci. (2016) 168:126-37. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.03.006 7. Yang LJ, Zhou M, Huang LB, Yang WR, Yang ZB, Jiang SZ, et al. Zearalenonepromoted follicle growth through modulation of wnt-1/β-catenin signaling pathway and expression of estrogen receptor genes in ovaries of postweaning piglets. J Agric Food Chem. (2018) 66:7899-906. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02101 8. Kong L, Zhao AH, Wang QW, Feng YQ, Yan ZH, Li MH, et al. Maternal Zearalenone exposure impacted ovarian follicle formation and development of suckled offspring. Sci Total Environ. (2021) 788:147792. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147792 9. Zhou F, Zhang H, Cong Z, Zhao LH, Zhou Q, Mao C, et al. Structural basis for activation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. Nat Commun. (2020) 11:5205. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18945-0 10. Hrabia A, Paczoska-Eliasiewicz HE, Berghman LR, Harvey S, Rzasa J. Expression and localization of growth hormone and its receptors in the chicken ovary during sexual maturation. Cell Tissue Res. (2008) 332:317-28. doi: 10.1007/s00441-008-0595-7 11. Zhou M, Yang LJ, Yang WR, Huang LB, Zhou XM, Jiang SZ, et al. Effects of zearalenone on the localization and expression of the growth hormone receptor gene in the uteri of post-weaning piglets. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. (2018) 31:32-9. doi: 10.5713/ajas.17.0526 12. Ford EA, Beckett EL, Roman SD, McLaughlin EA, Sutherland JM. Advances in human primordial follicle activation and premature ovarian insufficiency. Reproduction. (2020) 159:15-29. doi: 10.1530/REP-19-0201 13. Foerster C, Muñoz K, Delgado-Rivera L, Rivera A, Cortés S, Müller A, et al. Occurrence of relevant mycotoxins in food commodities consumed in Chile. Mycotoxin Res. (2020) 36:63-72. doi: 10.1007/s12550-019-00369-5 14. Ojuri OT, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Ezeokoli OT, Oyedele OA, Ayeni KI, et al. Assessing the mycotoxicological risk from consumption of complementary foods by infants and young children in Nigeria. Food Chem Toxicol. (2018) 121:37-50. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.025 15. Rogowska A, Pomastowski P, Sagandykova G, Buszewski B. Zearalenone and its metabolites: Effect on human health, metabolism and neutralisation methods. Toxicon. (2019) 162:46-56. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.004 16. Asci A, Durmaz E, Erkekoglu P, Pasli D, Bircan I, Kocer-Gumusel B. Urinary zearalenone levels in girls with premature thelarche and idiopathic central precocious puberty. Minerva Pediatr. (2014) 66:571-8. doi: 10.1121/1.3073734 17. Schoevers EJ, Santos RR, Colenbrander B, Fink-Gremmels J, Roelen BA. Transgenerational toxicity of Zearalenone in pigs. Reprod Toxicol. (2012) 34:110-9. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.03.004 18. Fu GH, Wang LH, Li L, Liu JR, Liu SZ, Zhao X. Bacillus licheniformis CK1 alleviates the toxic effects of zearalenone in feed on weaned female Tibetan piglets. J Anim Sci. (2018) 96:4471-80. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky301 19. Wu FY, Cu J, Yang XY, Chen BJ. Effects of zearalenone on uterus development, growth hormone secretion and its receptor distribution and expression in prepubertal gilts. Acta Zoonutrimenta Sinica. (2021) 33:217-26. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2021.01.023 20. Olivares VH, Hallford DM. Growth and carcass characteristics and serum growth hormone, prolactin and insulin profiles in Debouillet lambs treated with ovine growth hormone and(or) zeranol. J Anim Sci. (1990) 68:1971-9. doi: 10.2527/1990.6871971x 21. Thomas MG, Carroll JA, Raymond SR, Matteri RL, Keisler DH. Transcriptional regulation of pituitary synthesis and secretion of growth hormone in growing wethers and the influence of zeranol on these mechanisms. Domest Anim Endocrinol. (2000) 18:309-24. doi: 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00 052-7 22. Devesa J, Caicedo D. The role of growth hormone on ovarian functioning and ovarian angiogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). (2019) 10:450. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00450 23. Dehkhoda F, Lee CMM, Medina J, Brooks AJ. The growth hormone receptor: mechanism of receptor activation, cell signaling, and physiological aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). (2018) 9:35. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00035 24. Song TT, Liu XF, Yuan XJ, Yang WR, Liu FX, Hou YM, et al. Dose-effect of zearalenone on the localization and expression of growth hormone, growth hormone receptor, and heat shock protein 70 in the ovaries of post-weaning gilts. Front Vet Sci. (2021) 8:629006. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.629006 25. Rughani A, Zhang DS, Vairamani K, Dauber A, Hwa V, Krishnan S. Severe growth failure associated with a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation in the GHR transmembrane domain leading to elevated growth hormone binding protein. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). (2020) 92:331-7. doi: 10.1111/cen.14148 26. Feng Q, Gao B, Huang H, Zou LX, Zhao XP, Zhu XT, et al. Growth hormone promotes human endometrial glandular cells proliferation and motion through the GHR-STAT3/5 pathway. Ann Transl Med. (2020) 8:53. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.08 27. Xu Y, Sun MH, Li XH, Ju JQ, Chen LY, Sun YR, et al. Modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate-supplemented diet protects porcine oocyte quality from zearalenone toxicity. Environ Mol Mutagen. (2021) 62:124-32. doi: 10.1002/em.22399 28. Zhang FL, Kong L, Zhao AH, et al. Inflammatory cytokines as key players of apoptosis induced by environmental estrogens in the ovary. Environ Res. (2021) 198:111225. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111225 29. Zhu YF, Wang H, Wang JP, Han SS, Zhang Y, Ma MG, et al. Zearalenone induces apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy in chicken granulosa cells by PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Toxins (Basel). (2021) 13:199. doi: 10.3390/toxins13030199 30. Wang L, Tang JH, Wang L, Tan F, Song HB, Zhou JW, et al. Oxidative stress in oocyte aging and female reproduction. J Cell Physiol. (2021) 236:7966-83. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30468 31. Wang W, Luo SM, Ma JY, Shen W, Yin S. Cytotoxicity and DNA damage caused from diazinon exposure by inhibiting the PI3K-AKT pathway in porcine ovarian granulosa cells. J Agric Food Chem. (2019) 67:19-31. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05194 1. Rai A, Das M, Tripathi A. Occurrence and toxicity of a fusarium mycotoxin, zearalenone. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2020) 60:2710-29. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1655388 2. Cortinovis C, Pizzo F, Spicer LJ, Caloni F. Fusarium mycotoxins: effects on reproductive function in domestic animals-a review. Theriogenology. (2013) 80:557-64. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.06.018 3. Marin DE, Taranu I, Burlacu R, Manda G, Motiu M, Neagoe I, et al. Effects of zearalenone and its derivatives on porcine immune response. Toxicol In Vitro. (2011) 25:1981-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.022 4. Gruber-Dorninger C, Jenkins T, Schatzmayr G. Global mycotoxin occurrence in feed: a ten-year survey. Toxins (Basel). (2019) 11:375. doi: 10.3390/toxins11070375 5. Hu HY, Jia Q, Zhou B, Zhang J, Li ZQ, Liu ZW. Comparative analysis of the ovarian transcriptome reveals novel insights into fertility differences in and associated guide-lines, EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments. 6. Dai ML, Jiang SZ, Yuan XJ, Yang WR, Yang ZB, Huang LB. Effects of zearalenone-diet on expression of ghrelin and PCNA genes in ovaries of post-weaning piglets. Anim Reprod Sci. (2016) 168:126-37. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.03.006 7. Yang LJ, Zhou M, Huang LB, Yang WR, Yang ZB, Jiang SZ, et al. Zearalenonepromoted follicle growth through modulation of wnt-1/β-catenin signaling pathway and expression of estrogen receptor genes in ovaries of postweaning piglets. J Agric Food Chem. (2018) 66:7899-906. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02101 8. Kong L, Zhao AH, Wang QW, Feng YQ, Yan ZH, Li MH, et al. Maternal Zearalenone exposure impacted ovarian follicle formation and development of suckled offspring. Sci Total Environ. (2021) 788:147792. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147792 9. Zhou F, Zhang H, Cong Z, Zhao LH, Zhou Q, Mao C, et al. Structural basis for activation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. Nat Commun. (2020) 11:5205. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18945-0 10. Hrabia A, Paczoska-Eliasiewicz HE, Berghman LR, Harvey S, Rzasa J. Expression and localization of growth hormone and its receptors in the chicken ovary during sexual maturation. Cell Tissue Res. (2008) 332:317-28. doi: 10.1007/s00441-008-0595-7 11. Zhou M, Yang LJ, Yang WR, Huang LB, Zhou XM, Jiang SZ, et al. Effects of zearalenone on the localization and expression of the growth hormone receptor gene in the uteri of post-weaning piglets. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. (2018) 31:32-9. doi: 10.5713/ajas.17.0526 12. Ford EA, Beckett EL, Roman SD, McLaughlin EA, Sutherland JM. Advances in human primordial follicle activation and premature ovarian insufficiency. Reproduction. (2020) 159:15-29. doi: 10.1530/REP-19-0201 13. 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