{"authors":[{"id":null,"fullName":"Sina Beyraghi","name":null,"surname":null,"rank":1,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid_pending","value":"0000-0003-3231-1340"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::0825f16ce3c2ef70c06f5cc80dbc805a","fullName":"Javad Shabanpour","name":null,"surname":null,"rank":2,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0001-7690-3781"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"Giovanni Geraci","name":null,"surname":null,"rank":3,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid_pending","value":"0000-0002-9998-1747"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::40c8de424fe9d7b82ba8c89cfaea959f","fullName":"Paul Almasan","name":null,"surname":null,"rank":4,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0003-3903-6759"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::5b8c83c0e6eef869f41043ba464c1c03","fullName":"Angel Lozano","name":null,"surname":null,"rank":5,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0003-3790-0494"},"provenance":null}}],"openAccessColor":null,"publiclyFunded":false,"eoscIfGuidelines":null,"type":"publication","language":{"code":"und","label":"Undetermined"},"countries":null,"subjects":[{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"FOS: Computer and information sciences"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Sionna"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Coverage Optimization"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Information Theory (cs.IT)"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Cellular Networks"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"FOS","value":"0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Information Theory"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"FOS","value":"02 engineering and technology"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Radio Planning"},"provenance":null}],"mainTitle":"Data-Driven Deployment of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in Cellular Networks","subTitle":null,"descriptions":["This paper presents a fully automated, data-driven framework for the large-scale deployment of reconfigurable intel-ligent surfaces (RISs) in cellular networks. Leveraging physically consistent ray tracing and empirical data from a commercial deployment in the UK, the proposed method jointly optimizes RIS placement, orientation, configuration, and base station beam-forming in dense urban environments across frequency bands (corresponding to 4G, 5G, and a hypothetical 6G system). Can-didate RIS locations are identified via reflection- and scattering-based heuristics using calibrated electromagnetic models within the Sionna Ray Tracing (RT) engine. Outage users are clustered to reduce deployment complexity, and the tradeoff between coverage gains and infrastructure cost is systematically evaluated. It is shown that achieving meaningful coverage improvement in urban areas requires a dense deployment of large-aperture RIS units, raising questions about cost-effectiveness. To facilitate reproducibility and future research, the complete simulation framework and RIS deployment algorithms are provided as open-source software."],"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","embargoEndDate":"2025-10-01","sources":["Crossref","IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"],"formats":null,"contributors":null,"coverages":null,"bestAccessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/"},"container":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issnPrinted":"0733-8716","issnOnline":"1558-0008","issnLinking":null,"ep":"2951","iss":null,"sp":"2938","vol":"44","edition":null,"conferencePlace":null,"conferenceDate":null},"documentationUrls":null,"codeRepositoryUrl":null,"programmingLanguage":null,"contactPeople":null,"contactGroups":null,"tools":null,"size":null,"version":null,"geoLocations":null,"id":"doi_dedup___::ea67076fac99e32d9b241b74d4befc87","originalIds":["10.1109/jsac.2025.3647011","50|doiboost____|44b20b7a35189349c261c6387759fb5b","50|datacite____::5319d67ea108675538d75d28baddfa1f","10.5281/zenodo.17948642","oai:zenodo.org:17948642","50|od______2659::5319d67ea108675538d75d28baddfa1f","50|datacite____::6c165412b0f5c8953eba1e7e84f3b9e8","10.5281/zenodo.17948641","50|datacite____::ea67076fac99e32d9b241b74d4befc87","10.48550/arxiv.2510.10190","oai:arXiv.org:2510.10190","50|od________18::bb323d794db1ba9e7f471ee22f93ce82","50|dblp________::982de702ea4ed58e5d464b2e85901866","50|dblp________::dde34a9640773cd5ba0833fc74010924","50|r3c4b2081b22::383883fb969252a5f7c1ac35a5b92254","10.1109/JSAC.2025.3647011","50|sygma_______::44b20b7a35189349c261c6387759fb5b"],"pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1109/jsac.2025.3647011"},{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.5281/zenodo.17948642"},{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.5281/zenodo.17948641"},{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.10190"},{"scheme":"arXiv","value":"2510.10190"}],"dateOfCollection":null,"lastUpdateTimeStamp":null,"indicators":{"citationImpact":{"citationCount":0.0,"influence":2.2251732E-9,"popularity":2.7165745E-9,"impulse":0.0,"citationClass":"C5","influenceClass":"C5","impulseClass":"C5","popularityClass":"C5"}},"projects":[{"id":"corda_____he::495834d3820eb5bbaf70b8512cfb32f5","code":"101192369","acronym":"6G-MIRAI","title":"Machine Intelligence based Radio Access Infrastructure","funder":"European Commission","pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.3030/101192369"}]},{"id":"corda_____he::bf8cddd22afbe32641c9ed1dbbb6ddfd","code":"101139161","acronym":"INSTINCT","title":"Joint Sensing and Communications for Future Interactive, Immersive, and Intelligent Connectivity Beyond Communications","funder":"European Commission","pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.3030/101139161"}]}],"organizations":[{"legalName":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","acronym":"UPF","id":"openorgs____::be0ace0416ddcc3cc7ad6151d2d5d681","pids":[{"scheme":"mag_id","value":"170486558"},{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q24543"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"100018967"},{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"0000000121722676"},{"scheme":"PIC","value":"999867077"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/04n0g0b29"},{"scheme":"GRID","value":"grid.5612.0"},{"scheme":"RRID","value":"RRID:SCR_000256"},{"scheme":"OrgReg","value":"ES0021"},{"scheme":"OrgRef","value":"63872"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q24543"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"100018967"}]}],"communities":[{"code":"eosc","label":"EOSC","provenance":null},{"code":"eutopia","label":"EUTOPIA Open Research Portal","provenance":null}],"collectedFrom":[{"key":"openaire____::9e3be59865b2c1c335d32dae2fe7b254","value":"Datacite"},{"key":"openaire____::a8db6f6b2ce4fe72e8b2314a9a93e7d9","value":"Sygma"},{"key":"opendoar____::358aee4cc897452c00244351e4d91f69","value":"ZENODO"},{"key":"openaire____::081b82f96300b6a6e3d282bad31cb6e2","value":"Crossref"},{"key":"openaire____::d8b68cc0a53121f6f896883a7d60c1db","value":"DBLP"},{"key":"opendoar____::6f4922f45568161a8cdf4ad2299f6d23","value":"arXiv.org e-Print Archive"},{"key":"re3data_____::c4b2081b224be6b3e79d0e5e5556f631","value":"European Union Open Data Portal"}],"instances":[{"pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1109/jsac.2025.3647011"}],"license":"IEEE Copyright","accessRight":{"code":"c_14cb","label":"CLOSED","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/","openAccessRoute":null},"type":"Article","urls":["https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3647011"],"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","refereed":"peerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"issn___print::bcd36332a6105c4507a85329d28b5b88","value":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::081b82f96300b6a6e3d282bad31cb6e2","value":"Crossref"}},{"pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.5281/zenodo.17948642"}],"license":"CC BY","type":"Article","urls":["https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17948642"],"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"opendoar____::358aee4cc897452c00244351e4d91f69","value":"ZENODO"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::9e3be59865b2c1c335d32dae2fe7b254","value":"Datacite"}},{"pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.5281/zenodo.17948642"}],"alternateIdentifiers":[{"scheme":"oai","value":"oai:zenodo.org:17948642"}],"license":"CC BY","accessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/","openAccessRoute":null},"type":"Article","urls":["http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17948642","https://zenodo.org/records/17948642"],"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"opendoar____::358aee4cc897452c00244351e4d91f69","value":"ZENODO"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"opendoar____::358aee4cc897452c00244351e4d91f69","value":"ZENODO"}},{"pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.5281/zenodo.17948641"}],"license":"CC BY","type":"Article","urls":["https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17948641"],"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"opendoar____::358aee4cc897452c00244351e4d91f69","value":"ZENODO"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::9e3be59865b2c1c335d32dae2fe7b254","value":"Datacite"}},{"pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.10190"}],"license":"CC BY","type":"Article","urls":["https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.10190"],"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"openaire____::55045bd2a65019fd8e6741a755395c8c","value":"Unknown Repository"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::9e3be59865b2c1c335d32dae2fe7b254","value":"Datacite"}},{"pids":[{"scheme":"arXiv","value":"2510.10190"}],"accessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/","openAccessRoute":null},"type":"Preprint","urls":["http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.10190"],"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"opendoar____::6f4922f45568161a8cdf4ad2299f6d23","value":"arXiv.org e-Print Archive"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"opendoar____::6f4922f45568161a8cdf4ad2299f6d23","value":"arXiv.org e-Print Archive"}},{"alternateIdentifiers":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1109/jsac.2025.3647011"}],"type":"Article","urls":["https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2025.3647011"],"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"openaire____::d8b68cc0a53121f6f896883a7d60c1db","value":"DBLP"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::d8b68cc0a53121f6f896883a7d60c1db","value":"DBLP"}},{"alternateIdentifiers":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.10190"}],"type":"Preprint","urls":["https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2510.10190"],"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"openaire____::d8b68cc0a53121f6f896883a7d60c1db","value":"DBLP"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::d8b68cc0a53121f6f896883a7d60c1db","value":"DBLP"}},{"alternateIdentifiers":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1109/jsac.2025.3647011"}],"type":"Article","urls":["http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2025.3647011"],"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","refereed":"peerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"issn___print::bcd36332a6105c4507a85329d28b5b88","value":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"re3data_____::c4b2081b224be6b3e79d0e5e5556f631","value":"European Union Open Data Portal"}},{"alternateIdentifiers":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1109/jsac.2025.3647011"}],"license":"IEEE Copyright","type":"Article","urls":["http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2025.3647011"],"refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"issn___print::bcd36332a6105c4507a85329d28b5b88","value":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::a8db6f6b2ce4fe72e8b2314a9a93e7d9","value":"Sygma"}}],"links":[{"header":{"relationType":"resultProject","relationClass":"isProducedBy","relatedIdentifier":"corda_____he::495834d3820eb5bbaf70b8512cfb32f5","relatedRecordType":"project","relationProvenance":"sysimport:crosswalk:repository","trust":"0.9"},"collectedfrom":[{"dsId":"openaire____::3f264f93cf3b0cfc4ede188a6300455c","dsName":"CORDA - COmmon Research DAta Warehouse - Horizon Europe"}],"projectTitle":"Machine Intelligence based Radio Access Infrastructure","code":"101192369","funding":{"funder":{"id":"ec__________::EC","shortname":"EC","name":"European Commission","jurisdiction":{"code":"EU","label":"European Union"},"pid":null},"level0":{"id":"ec__________::EC::HE","description":"Horizon Europe Framework Programme","name":"HE"},"level1":{"id":"ec__________::EC::HE::HORIZON-JU-RIA","description":"HORIZON JU Research and Innovation Actions","name":"HORIZON-JU-RIA"},"level2":{"id":null,"description":null,"name":null}},"startDate":"2025-04-01","endDate":"2028-03-31"},{"header":{"relationType":"resultProject","relationClass":"isProducedBy","relatedIdentifier":"corda_____he::bf8cddd22afbe32641c9ed1dbbb6ddfd","relatedRecordType":"project","relationProvenance":"sysimport:crosswalk:repository","trust":"0.9"},"collectedfrom":[{"dsId":"openaire____::3f264f93cf3b0cfc4ede188a6300455c","dsName":"CORDA - COmmon Research DAta Warehouse - Horizon Europe"}],"projectTitle":"Joint Sensing and Communications for Future Interactive, Immersive, and Intelligent Connectivity Beyond Communications","code":"101139161","funding":{"funder":{"id":"ec__________::EC","shortname":"EC","name":"European Commission","jurisdiction":{"code":"EU","label":"European Union"},"pid":null},"level0":{"id":"ec__________::EC::HE","description":"Horizon Europe Framework Programme","name":"HE"},"level1":{"id":"ec__________::EC::HE::HORIZON-JU-RIA","description":"HORIZON JU Research and Innovation Actions","name":"HORIZON-JU-RIA"},"level2":{"id":null,"description":null,"name":null}},"startDate":"2024-01-01","endDate":"2026-12-31"}],"otherTitles":null,"inDiamondJournal":false,"green":true,"isGreen":true,"isInDiamondJournal":false}