{"authors":[{"id":"orcid_______::af06e13b07c631479f58e58d670ce71a","fullName":"Brown, Nikki J.","name":"Nikki J.","surname":"Brown","rank":1,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0001-6222-8850"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"Naveira Garabato, Alberto C.","name":"Alberto C.","surname":"Naveira Garabato","rank":2,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid_pending","value":"0000-0001-6071-605x"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"Bacon, Sheldon","name":"Sheldon","surname":"Bacon","rank":3,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid_pending","value":"0000-0002-2471-9373"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"Aksenov, Yevgeny","name":"Yevgeny","surname":"Aksenov","rank":4,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid_pending","value":"0000-0001-6132-3434"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"Tsubouchi, Takamasa","name":"Takamasa","surname":"Tsubouchi","rank":5,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid_pending","value":"0000-0001-6774-8847"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::6246f20198e50b79b47633fc6d98d707","fullName":"Green, Mattias","name":"Mattias","surname":"Green","rank":6,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0001-5090-1040"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::423c942a8b3e633e4422139c88c34e52","fullName":"Lincoln, Ben","name":"Ben","surname":"Lincoln","rank":7,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0002-0314-3109"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"Rippeth, Tom","name":"Tom","surname":"Rippeth","rank":8,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid_pending","value":"0000-0002-9286-0176"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"Feltham, Daniel L.","name":"Daniel L.","surname":"Feltham","rank":9,"pid":null}],"openAccessColor":"gold","publiclyFunded":false,"eoscIfGuidelines":null,"type":"publication","language":{"code":"eng","label":"English"},"countries":[{"code":"GB","label":"United Kingdom","provenance":null}],"subjects":[{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"overturning circulation"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"turbulent mixing"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Arctic Ocean"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"FOS","value":"01 natural sciences"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"FOS","value":"0105 earth and related environmental sciences"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Climate Science"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Klimatvetenskap"},"provenance":null}],"mainTitle":"The Arctic Ocean Double Estuary: Quantification and Forcing Mechanisms","subTitle":null,"descriptions":["<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>                   <jats:p>The Arctic Ocean double estuary is a “three‐legged” overturning system in which inflowing waters are converted into both lighter and denser waters before being exported equatorwards. As the northern terminus of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC), it thus both affects, and is affected by, the Atlantic MOC. Here we quantify the magnitudes of the two overturning cells in density space, and then decompose the water mass transformation rates into net pan‐Arctic contributions from surface forcing and diapycnal mixing. We use a high‐resolution, quasi‐synoptic ice and ocean hydrographic data set spanning the four main Arctic Ocean gateways—Fram, Davis and Bering Straits, and the Barents Sea Opening. Two surface flux reanalyses and a hydrographic climatology are used to generate estimates of surface water mass transformation rates by density class. A box model then determines the profiles of turbulent mixing transformation rates, and associated turbulent diffusivities. We show that turbulent mixing and surface forcing drive transformations of similar magnitudes, while mixing dominates in the upper cell and surface fluxes in the lower cell. Consideration of uncertainties and timescales leads to the tentative suggestion that our results might be representative of recent decades. We discuss the possible significance of tides and sea ice brine rejection as energy sources driving turbulent mixing. Finally, we speculate as to whether water mass transformation rates may change in future as ocean heat transport into the Arctic increases. As sea ice declines and the efficiency of atmosphere‐to‐ocean momentum transfer increases, the Arctic Ocean is expected to “spin up,” causing more intense turbulent mixing, with uncertain consequences.</jats:p>"],"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","embargoEndDate":null,"sources":["Crossref"],"formats":["application/pdf"],"contributors":null,"coverages":null,"bestAccessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/"},"container":{"name":"AGU Advances","issnPrinted":"2576-604X","issnOnline":"2576-604X","issnLinking":null,"ep":null,"iss":null,"sp":null,"vol":"6","edition":null,"conferencePlace":null,"conferenceDate":null},"documentationUrls":null,"codeRepositoryUrl":null,"programmingLanguage":null,"contactPeople":null,"contactGroups":null,"tools":null,"size":null,"version":null,"geoLocations":null,"id":"doi_dedup___::de93885271be01978022ed40d4cb42ad","originalIds":["10.1029/2024AV001529","10.1029/2024av001529","50|doiboost____|de93885271be01978022ed40d4cb42ad","oai:nora.nerc.ac.uk:540658","50|od______1002::5fcbf5a915ee9c771bf0cd22ffade8d0","50|od_______681::886af0d680fca79ed79e09f281f8ddeb","oai:DiVA.org:smhi-6826"],"pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1029/2024av001529"}],"dateOfCollection":null,"lastUpdateTimeStamp":null,"indicators":{"citationImpact":{"citationCount":0.0,"influence":2.1921431E-9,"popularity":2.2912217E-9,"impulse":0.0,"citationClass":"C5","influenceClass":"C5","impulseClass":"C5","popularityClass":"C5"}},"projects":[{"id":"corda_____he::23f897659b1a83cb12da0b5919884474","code":"101059547","acronym":"EPOC","title":"Explaining and Predicting the Ocean Conveyor","funder":"European Commission","pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.3030/101059547"}]},{"id":"ukri________::452a6b1b7b20132399198e74331eaca1","code":"NE/L002531/1","acronym":null,"title":"SPITFIRE - the Southampton Partnership for Innovative Training of Future Investigators Researching the Environment","funder":"UK Research and Innovation","pids":null},{"id":"ukri________::330846971577ef1bdb3b19834ffdf5a2","code":"NE/W004984/1","acronym":null,"title":"CANARI: Climate change in the Arctic-North Atlantic Region and Impacts on the UK","funder":"UK Research and Innovation","pids":null}],"organizations":[{"legalName":"University of Reading","acronym":"University of Reading","id":"openorgs____::e31cc5fcf78f7827cbf861bc8ffdc45a","pids":[{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q1432632"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/05v62cm79"},{"scheme":"PIC","value":"999984156"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100000839"},{"scheme":"OrgRef","value":"476468"},{"scheme":"RRID","value":"RRID:nlx_99449"},{"scheme":"mag_id","value":"71052956"},{"scheme":"UCAS","value":"R12"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q1432632"},{"scheme":"OrgReg","value":"UK0096"},{"scheme":"UKPRN","value":"10007802"},{"scheme":"HESA","value":"0157"},{"scheme":"OrgRef","value":"15692921"},{"scheme":"RRID","value":"RRID:SCR_007135"},{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"0000000404579566"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100000839"},{"scheme":"GRID","value":"grid.9435.b"}]},{"legalName":"University of Southampton","acronym":"University of Southampton","id":"openorgs____::02c9568a05dfe555eaf78a97ce493974","pids":[{"scheme":"RRID","value":"RRID:SCR_008086"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q76473"},{"scheme":"OrgRef","value":"98078"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100012684"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100000739"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100024045"},{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"0000000419369297"},{"scheme":"mag_id","value":"43439940"},{"scheme":"UKPRN","value":"10007158"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"100014465"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100012684"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100024045"},{"scheme":"GRID","value":"grid.5491.9"},{"scheme":"HESA","value":"0160"},{"scheme":"RRID","value":"RRID:nlx_56990"},{"scheme":"UCAS","value":"S27"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543"},{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q76473"},{"scheme":"PIC","value":"999975329"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100000739"},{"scheme":"OrgReg","value":"UK0114"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"100014465"}]},{"legalName":"Bangor University","acronym":"BU","id":"openorgs____::86ea8a3600f1688442d0ad4d04d239c3","pids":[{"scheme":"UKPRN","value":"10007857"},{"scheme":"PIC","value":"999823815"},{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"0000000118820937"},{"scheme":"OrgRef","value":"23820776"},{"scheme":"UCAS","value":"B06"},{"scheme":"OrgReg","value":"UK0134"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100003547"},{"scheme":"HESA","value":"0178"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/006jb1a24"},{"scheme":"mag_id","value":"161548249"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100003547"},{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q790029"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q790029"},{"scheme":"GRID","value":"grid.7362.0"}]},{"legalName":"Japan Meteorological Agency","acronym":"JMA","id":"openorgs____::f6dc600883e782cbd42ccbcc2e573e40","pids":[{"scheme":"GRID","value":"grid.237586.d"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100023210"},{"scheme":"OrgRef","value":"18259680"},{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q6823469"},{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q860935"},{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"0000000105979981"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100023210"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/02772kk97"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q6823469"},{"scheme":"mag_id","value":"2801997990"},{"scheme":"OrgRef","value":"457886"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q860935"}]},{"legalName":"Natural Environment Research Council","acronym":"NERC","id":"openorgs____::eb9855facc29d75a40dcd41f703e7365","pids":[{"scheme":"RRID","value":"RRID:nlx_27406"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100000270"},{"scheme":"OrgRef","value":"47000782"},{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q4272261"},{"scheme":"GRID","value":"grid.8682.4"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100002758"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/015byt818"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100000270"},{"scheme":"RRID","value":"RRID:SCR_012850"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100019151"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q4272261"},{"scheme":"PIC","value":"999989200"},{"scheme":"mag_id","value":"141816643"},{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"0000000094781573"},{"scheme":"OrgReg","value":"UK5003"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100002758"},{"scheme":"OrgReg","value":"UK5015"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100019151"}]},{"legalName":"National Oceanography Centre","acronym":"NOC","id":"openorgs____::46d8593ae420e7e25b4e4ddf16a711e2","pids":[{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"000000040603464X"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/00874hx02"},{"scheme":"OrgReg","value":"UK1023"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100022345"},{"scheme":"OrgRef","value":"2838094"},{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q12812368"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100022345"},{"scheme":"mag_id","value":"197940685"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q12812368"},{"scheme":"GRID","value":"grid.418022.d"},{"scheme":"PIC","value":"898797054"}]}],"communities":null,"collectedFrom":[{"key":"opendoar____::fba9d88164f3e2d9109ee770223212a0","value":"NERC Open Research Archive"},{"key":"opendoar____::1595af6435015c77a7149e92a551338e","value":"Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet - Academic Archive On-line"},{"key":"openaire____::081b82f96300b6a6e3d282bad31cb6e2","value":"Crossref"}],"instances":[{"pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1029/2024av001529"}],"license":"CC BY","accessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/","openAccessRoute":"gold"},"type":"Article","urls":["https://doi.org/10.1029/2024av001529"],"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","refereed":"peerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"doajarticles::d3de4c190ad13a7f47a5f7a88da3c41b","value":"AGU Advances"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::081b82f96300b6a6e3d282bad31cb6e2","value":"Crossref"}},{"accessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/","openAccessRoute":null},"type":"Article","urls":["https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/540658/"],"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"opendoar____::fba9d88164f3e2d9109ee770223212a0","value":"NERC Open Research Archive"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"opendoar____::fba9d88164f3e2d9109ee770223212a0","value":"NERC Open Research Archive"}},{"alternateIdentifiers":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1029/2024av001529"}],"accessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/","openAccessRoute":null},"type":"Article","urls":["http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:smhi:diva-6826"],"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","refereed":"peerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"opendoar____::1595af6435015c77a7149e92a551338e","value":"Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet - Academic Archive On-line"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"opendoar____::1595af6435015c77a7149e92a551338e","value":"Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet - Academic Archive On-line"}}],"links":[{"header":{"relationType":"resultProject","relationClass":"isProducedBy","relatedIdentifier":"corda_____he::23f897659b1a83cb12da0b5919884474","relatedRecordType":"project","relationProvenance":"sysimport:actionset","trust":"0.91"},"collectedfrom":[{"dsId":"openaire____::3f264f93cf3b0cfc4ede188a6300455c","dsName":"CORDA - COmmon Research DAta Warehouse - Horizon Europe"}],"projectTitle":"Explaining and Predicting the Ocean Conveyor","code":"101059547","funding":{"funder":{"id":"ec__________::EC","shortname":"EC","name":"European Commission","jurisdiction":{"code":"EU","label":"European Union"},"pid":null},"level0":{"id":"ec__________::EC::HE","description":"Horizon Europe Framework Programme","name":"HE"},"level1":{"id":"ec__________::EC::HE::HORIZON-RIA","description":"HORIZON  Research and Innovation Actions","name":"HORIZON-RIA"},"level2":{"id":null,"description":null,"name":null}},"startDate":"2022-07-01","endDate":"2027-06-30"},{"header":{"relationType":"resultProject","relationClass":"isProducedBy","relatedIdentifier":"ukri________::452a6b1b7b20132399198e74331eaca1","relatedRecordType":"project","relationProvenance":"sysimport:actionset","trust":"0.91"},"collectedfrom":[{"dsId":"openaire____::92ed35af5f7f859de570d1d2919c09a4","dsName":"UK Research and Innovation"}],"projectTitle":"SPITFIRE - the Southampton Partnership for Innovative Training of Future Investigators Researching the Environment","code":"NE/L002531/1","funding":{"funder":{"id":"ukri________::UKRI","shortname":"UKRI","name":"UK Research and Innovation","jurisdiction":{"code":"GB","label":"United Kingdom"},"pid":null},"level0":{"id":"ukri________::UKRI::NERC","description":"NERC","name":"NERC"},"level1":{"id":null,"description":null,"name":null},"level2":{"id":null,"description":null,"name":null}},"startDate":"2014-09-30","endDate":"2022-09-29"},{"header":{"relationType":"resultProject","relationClass":"isProducedBy","relatedIdentifier":"ukri________::330846971577ef1bdb3b19834ffdf5a2","relatedRecordType":"project","relationProvenance":"sysimport:actionset","trust":"0.91"},"collectedfrom":[{"dsId":"openaire____::92ed35af5f7f859de570d1d2919c09a4","dsName":"UK Research and Innovation"}],"projectTitle":"CANARI: Climate change in the Arctic-North Atlantic Region and Impacts on the UK","code":"NE/W004984/1","funding":{"funder":{"id":"ukri________::UKRI","shortname":"UKRI","name":"UK Research and Innovation","jurisdiction":{"code":"GB","label":"United Kingdom"},"pid":null},"level0":{"id":"ukri________::UKRI::NERC","description":"NERC","name":"NERC"},"level1":{"id":null,"description":null,"name":null},"level2":{"id":null,"description":null,"name":null}},"startDate":"2022-03-31","endDate":"2027-03-30"}],"otherTitles":null,"inDiamondJournal":false,"green":true,"isGreen":true,"isInDiamondJournal":false}