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The relative importance of changes in atmospheric composition driven by pre-industrial to present-day land use change has not been assessed for the UK Earth System Model (UKESM). Here, we decompose the pre-industrial to present-day land use change forcing in UKESM1.1 with additional process updates. We find a net simulated forcing of -0.08±0.05 W m−2 when using the standard (Strat-Trop vn1.0) chemistry, and -0.12±0.04 W m−2 for a more complex (CRI-Strat 2) chemical mechanism. The simulated forcing includes the positive aerosol direct and indirect effects (around +0.06 and +0.085 W m−2, respectively), alongside negative forcings from ozone (around −0.01 W m−2) and surface albedo change (around −0.17 W m−2). The forcing from the aerosol indirect effects calculated in this study is greater than in recent UKESM BVOC forcing experiments, which we attribute to using pre-industrial background conditions and increased organic matter hygroscopicity. Additional calculations show the radiative forcing from changes to methane lifetime is between −0.02 and −0.04 W m−2, while the land use carbon emissions drive a carbon dioxide forcing of +0.87 W m−2. Overall, the competing effects of changes in aerosols and short-lived greenhouse gases with surface albedo counter around 15 % of the carbon dioxide forcing. However, non-carbon dioxide effects have significant regional impacts, which reach −2.19 W m−2 from surface albedo change in North America.</jats:p>"],"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publisher":"Copernicus GmbH","embargoEndDate":null,"sources":["Crossref","eISSN:","eISSN: 1680-7324","Sands, E, O'Connor, F M, Weber, J, Doherty, R M & Pope, R J 2026, 'Decomposing pre-industrial to present-day land use change forcing in the UK Earth System Model', Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 8553-8573. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-8553-2026"],"formats":["application/pdf"],"contributors":null,"coverages":null,"bestAccessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/"},"container":{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and 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