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Accurate estimation of chlorine concentrations in the dynamic environment of water distribution networks (WDNs) is essential to ensure safe water supply. This work introduces a comprehensive and carefully created benchmark for training and evaluation of chlorine concentration estimation methodologies in WDNs. The benchmark includes a diverse dataset of 18,000 scenarios of the widely studied ‘Hanoi’, ‘Net1’, and the more recent and complex ‘CY-DBP’ water networks, featuring various chlorine injection patterns to capture diverse physical dynamics. To provide baseline evaluations, we propose and evaluate two neural surrogate models for chlorine state estimation: a physics-informed Graph Neural Network (GNN) and a physics-guided Recurrent Neural Network (RNN).  </jats:p>"],"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","embargoEndDate":null,"sources":["Crossref","SN Comput Sci","SN Computer Science"],"formats":null,"contributors":null,"coverages":null,"bestAccessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/"},"container":{"name":"SN Computer 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