{"authors":[{"id":"orcid_______::2d83dc846bec7ea92f7f0d54d2746618","fullName":"Shiv Shankar","name":"Shiv","surname":"Shankar","rank":1,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0001-7625-4005"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::14461fa9ccaa91b32f6f105e5defb6b0","fullName":"Barak Ratzker","name":"Barak","surname":"Ratzker","rank":2,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0003-0242-1282"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::0a0cf5acf5f62607514d63bf53baf137","fullName":"Claudio Pistidda","name":"Claudio","surname":"Pistidda","rank":3,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0002-0706-6972"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"Dierk Raabe","name":"Dierk","surname":"Raabe","rank":4,"pid":null},{"id":"orcid_______::8d4234905c785801f7ac40e4ecc55deb","fullName":"Yan Ma","name":"Yan","surname":"Ma","rank":5,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0002-1206-7822"},"provenance":null}}],"openAccessColor":"hybrid","publiclyFunded":false,"eoscIfGuidelines":null,"type":"publication","language":{"code":"eng","label":"English"},"countries":null,"subjects":[{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Letter"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"FOS","value":"0205 materials engineering"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"FOS","value":"02 engineering and technology"},"provenance":null}],"mainTitle":"Unveiling Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction Mechanisms of Multicomponent Oxides via                     <i>In Situ</i>                     High-Energy X-ray Diffraction","subTitle":null,"descriptions":["Co-reduction of multicomponent oxides with hydrogen offers a carbon-neutral approach toward sustainable alloy design. Herein, we use in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction technique to gain insights into multicomponent oxide reduction of two precursor variants: mechanically mixed powders and pre-sintered oxide mixtures, targeting an equiatomic CoFeMnNi alloy. We find distinct reduction pathways and microstructure evolution, depending on initial precursors. Mixed powders are reduced to body-centered-cubic, face-centered-cubic, and MnO phases via halite, spinel, and Mn3O4 intermediates, whereas the pre-sintered complex oxide directly transforms into a mixture of metallic and MnO phases. The post-reduction microstructures were also strongly governed by the precursor state: mixed oxides exhibit loosely packed and coarse morphology, whereas the pre-sintered ceramic material showcases two distinct morphologies, either relatively dense metal-rich regions or regions with metallic nanoparticles supported on nanoporous MnO, highlighting the significant role of initial precursors on the final microstructure. Hence, precursor design strategies may offer a single-step route to nanoporous alloys with potential applications in catalysis and energy technologies."],"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","embargoEndDate":null,"sources":["Crossref","ACS Sustain Chem Eng","ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering"],"formats":["application/pdf"],"contributors":null,"coverages":null,"bestAccessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/"},"container":{"name":"ACS Sustainable Chemistry &amp; 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