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We thank Roger Kochli at WSL for his assistance for the soil physicochemical properties. We also thank the Office of Land-scape and Nature of the Canton Zurich, the Office for Agriculture and Nature of the Canton Berne (LANAT) , the Office of Planning and Nature Protection of the Canton Schaffhausen and Agroscope Wadenswil for the permission to access the study sites and the farmers and foresters for allowing us to sample their parcels. This work was performed within the Horizon Europe SOB4ES project. SOB4ES has received funding from the Horizon Europe, European Union under the grant agreement No. 101112831, the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) , Switzerland under the contract No. 23.00229, and the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) , United Kingdom under the UK government's Horizon Europe, European Union funding guarantee (grant number 10079464) . Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the author (s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Executive Agency (REA) . Neither the European Union nor REA can be held responsible for them. 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