{"authors":[{"id":"orcid_______::1f6e3fb26beb98d7ac752efc6c13205c","fullName":"Srba, I.","name":"I.","surname":"Srba","rank":1,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0003-3511-5337"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::3215dffa5745413346f0a5cd8d8530dc","fullName":"Razuvayevskaya, O.","name":"O.","surname":"Razuvayevskaya","rank":2,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0002-7922-7982"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::fcb86e3c29a73e6836cdc301a3b6f637","fullName":"Leite, J.A.","name":"J. A.","surname":"Leite","rank":3,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0002-3587-853x"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::b9d313138deb7b45b1ee196a79b657f5","fullName":"Moro, R.","name":"R.","surname":"Moro","rank":4,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0002-3052-8290"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::4a18833f6a3169e7616ae14365932cec","fullName":"Schlicht, I.B.","name":"I. B.","surname":"Schlicht","rank":5,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0002-5037-2203"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"Tonelli, S.","name":"S.","surname":"Tonelli","rank":6,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid_pending","value":"0000-0001-8010-6689"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"García, F.M.","name":"F. M.","surname":"García","rank":7,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid_pending","value":"0000-0001-7883-4812"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::39e7451464194ba0938a799181aa44ca","fullName":"Lottmann, S.B.","name":"S. B.","surname":"Lottmann","rank":8,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0003-1881-7871"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::9e27825603c221d92c5502fd73e65a0c","fullName":"Teyssou, D.","name":"D.","surname":"Teyssou","rank":9,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0003-0505-6356"},"provenance":null}},{"id":"orcid_______::ffd4ea14a954ebb8a035869b54d3cae5","fullName":"Porcellini, V.","name":"V.","surname":"Porcellini","rank":10,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid","value":"0000-0001-7909-8853"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"Scarton, C.","name":"C.","surname":"Scarton","rank":11,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid_pending","value":"0000-0002-0103-4072"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"Bontcheva, K.","name":"K.","surname":"Bontcheva","rank":12,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid_pending","value":"0000-0001-6152-9600"},"provenance":null}},{"id":null,"fullName":"Bielikova, M.","name":"M.","surname":"Bielikova","rank":13,"pid":{"id":{"scheme":"orcid_pending","value":"0000-0003-4105-3494"},"provenance":null}}],"openAccessColor":null,"publiclyFunded":false,"eoscIfGuidelines":null,"type":"publication","language":{"code":"eng","label":"English"},"countries":[{"code":"GB","label":"United Kingdom","provenance":null}],"subjects":[{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"FOS: Computer and information sciences"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Networking and Information Technology R&D (NITRD)"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Information and Computing Sciences"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Computation and Language"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Human-Centred Computing"},"provenance":null},{"subject":{"scheme":"keyword","value":"Computation and Language (cs.CL)"},"provenance":null}],"mainTitle":"A Survey on Automatic Credibility Assessment Using Textual Credibility Signals in the Era of Large Language Models","subTitle":null,"descriptions":["<jats:p>In the age of social media and generative AI, the ability to automatically assess the credibility of online content has become increasingly critical, complementing traditional approaches to false information detection. Credibility assessment relies on aggregating diverse credibility signals—small units of information, such as content subjectivity, bias or a presence of persuasion techniques—into a final credibility label/score. However, current research in automatic credibility assessment and credibility signals detection remains highly fragmented, with many signals studied in isolation and lacking integration. Notably, there is a scarcity of approaches that detect and aggregate multiple credibility signals simultaneously. These challenges are further exacerbated by the absence of a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of research works that connects these research efforts under a common framework and identifies shared trends, challenges and open problems. In this survey, we address this gap by presenting a systematic and comprehensive literature review of 175 research papers, focusing on textual credibility signals within the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), which undergoes a rapid transformation due to advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs). While positioning the NLP research into the broader multidisciplinary landscape, we examine both automatic credibility assessment methods as well as the detection of nine categories of credibility signals. We provide an in-depth analysis of three key categories: (1) factuality, subjectivity and bias, (2) persuasion techniques and logical fallacies and (3) check-worthy and fact-checked claims. In addition to summarising existing methods, datasets and tools, we outline future research direction and emerging opportunities, with particular attention to evolving challenges posed by generative AI.</jats:p>"],"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","embargoEndDate":"2024-10-01","sources":["Crossref"],"formats":null,"contributors":null,"coverages":null,"bestAccessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/"},"container":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology","issnPrinted":"2157-6904","issnOnline":"2157-6912","issnLinking":null,"ep":"80","iss":null,"sp":"1","vol":"17","edition":null,"conferencePlace":null,"conferenceDate":null},"documentationUrls":null,"codeRepositoryUrl":null,"programmingLanguage":null,"contactPeople":null,"contactGroups":null,"tools":null,"size":null,"version":null,"geoLocations":null,"id":"doi_dedup___::22f0d0c5cd20f8720d944145db2d826e","originalIds":["10.1145/3770077","50|doiboost____|22f0d0c5cd20f8720d944145db2d826e","50|datacite____::dce3a4f9a0d1fe3c41aae9d10c7ef070","10.48550/arxiv.2410.21360","oai:arXiv.org:2410.21360","50|od________18::32572a00eec9a5a8c9ea5aded840aa96","50|dblp________::1f35eb67c284181eb4a216cf069e71b2","50|dblp________::954220553b4764dacaf59f8c3a77d4c8","oai:zenodo.org:17343658","50|od______2659::22f0d0c5cd20f8720d944145db2d826e","oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:223241","50|od_______373::7aee097392cbc3534626ac8363029524","oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:237162","50|od_______373::bb6128237b1053fd0efa331315524760","50|sygma_______::22f0d0c5cd20f8720d944145db2d826e"],"pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1145/3770077"},{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.48550/arxiv.2410.21360"},{"scheme":"arXiv","value":"2410.21360"}],"dateOfCollection":null,"lastUpdateTimeStamp":null,"indicators":{"citationImpact":{"citationCount":9.0,"influence":2.636244E-9,"popularity":8.7868575E-9,"impulse":9.0,"citationClass":"C5","influenceClass":"C5","impulseClass":"C4","popularityClass":"C4"}},"projects":[{"id":"corda_____he::77ae3f140445ca92c4229f76b7b9c866","code":"101135437","acronym":"AI-CODE","title":"AI-CODE - AI services for COntinuous trust in emerging Digital Environments","funder":"European Commission","pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.3030/101135437"}]},{"id":"corda_____he::ea9dd96868d12cf848346cbf9e1cd06d","code":"101070093","acronym":"vera.ai","title":"vera.ai: VERification Assisted by Artificial Intelligence","funder":"European Commission","pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.3030/101070093"}]},{"id":"ukri________::4e33be3d5ae90454010ee9d2b0b49ab7","code":"10039055","acronym":null,"title":"vera.ai: VERification Assisted by Artificial Intelligence","funder":"UK Research and Innovation","pids":null},{"id":"corda_____he::91a243ffff2df551546353162e475011","code":"101070190","acronym":"AI4TRUST","title":"AI-based-technologies for trustworthy solutions against disinformation","funder":"European Commission","pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.3030/101070190"}]}],"organizations":[{"legalName":"Universitat Politècnica de València","acronym":"UPV","id":"openorgs____::ea8a8b940b32ce94e0fbd6129fe01796","pids":[{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q2003976"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100004233"},{"scheme":"GRID","value":"grid.157927.f"},{"scheme":"OrgReg","value":"ES0027"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/01460j859"},{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"0000000417705832"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100004233"},{"scheme":"PIC","value":"999864846"},{"scheme":"mag_id","value":"60053951"},{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q2003976"},{"scheme":"OrgRef","value":"1921508"},{"scheme":"RRID","value":"RRID:nlx_157969"},{"scheme":"RRID","value":"RRID:SCR_000255"}]},{"legalName":"Agence France-Presse","acronym":"AFP","id":"openorgs____::b63102906c0d88b7bbd0da46de458482","pids":[{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q40464"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/03knart10"},{"scheme":"GRID","value":"grid.493950.2"},{"scheme":"mag_id","value":"2801536413"},{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"0000000406439815"},{"scheme":"PIC","value":"999927605"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q40464"}]},{"legalName":"University of Sheffield","acronym":"University of Sheffield","id":"openorgs____::2202c9173f244297f3894f40b56163c6","pids":[{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q823917"},{"scheme":"PIC","value":"999976881"},{"scheme":"UCAS","value":"S18"},{"scheme":"mag_id","value":"91136226"},{"scheme":"OrgRef","value":"310417"},{"scheme":"RRID","value":"RRID:nlx_151620"},{"scheme":"RRID","value":"RRID:SCR_008056"},{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"0000000419369262"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q371969"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q823917"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/05krs5044"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100000858"},{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q371969"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100000858"},{"scheme":"UKPRN","value":"10007157"},{"scheme":"HESA","value":"0159"},{"scheme":"GRID","value":"grid.11835.3e"}]},{"legalName":"Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies","acronym":"KInIT","id":"pending_org_::c4c91636eaf988cfcf3559bc7a4f54ab","pids":[{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q116695834"},{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"0000000493381040"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q116695834"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/02j78kr76"}]},{"legalName":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","acronym":"FBK","id":"openorgs____::c4072176a9b54e422a621f3a659c395c","pids":[{"scheme":"mag_id","value":"2277624104"},{"scheme":"GRID","value":"grid.11469.3b"},{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"0000000097800901"},{"scheme":"OrgReg","value":"IT4002"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100003978"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100003978"},{"scheme":"PIC","value":"999625450"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/01j33xk10"}]},{"legalName":"Universidad Politécnica de Madrid","acronym":"UPM","id":"openorgs____::cad284878801b9465fa51a95b1d779db","pids":[{"scheme":"OrgRef","value":"1933854"},{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q5838945"},{"scheme":"ROR","value":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100003759"},{"scheme":"wikidata","value":"Q25864"},{"scheme":"fundref","value":"501100023545"},{"scheme":"mag_id","value":"88060688"},{"scheme":"GRID","value":"grid.5690.a"},{"scheme":"PIC","value":"999974844"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100003759"},{"scheme":"ISNI","value":"0000000121512978"},{"scheme":"OrgReg","value":"ES0041"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q5838945"},{"scheme":"FundRef","value":"501100023545"},{"scheme":"Wikidata","value":"Q25864"}]},{"legalName":"White Rose Consortium: University of Leeds; University of Sheffield; University of York","acronym":"White Rose Consortium: University of Leeds; University of Sheffield; University of York","id":"pending_org_::3395c746752c5f0416b042fa10a090a9","pids":null}],"communities":[{"code":"risis","label":"RISIS","provenance":null},{"code":"eosc","label":"EOSC","provenance":null}],"collectedFrom":[{"key":"openaire____::9e3be59865b2c1c335d32dae2fe7b254","value":"Datacite"},{"key":"openaire____::a8db6f6b2ce4fe72e8b2314a9a93e7d9","value":"Sygma"},{"key":"opendoar____::358aee4cc897452c00244351e4d91f69","value":"ZENODO"},{"key":"openaire____::081b82f96300b6a6e3d282bad31cb6e2","value":"Crossref"},{"key":"opendoar____::ffd52f3c7e12435a724a8f30fddadd9c","value":"White Rose Research Online"},{"key":"openaire____::d8b68cc0a53121f6f896883a7d60c1db","value":"DBLP"},{"key":"opendoar____::6f4922f45568161a8cdf4ad2299f6d23","value":"arXiv.org e-Print Archive"}],"instances":[{"pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1145/3770077"}],"type":"Article","urls":["https://doi.org/10.1145/3770077"],"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","refereed":"peerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"issn___print::5db0ee5c350f2b2a145c56fee5832dc3","value":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::081b82f96300b6a6e3d282bad31cb6e2","value":"Crossref"}},{"pids":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.48550/arxiv.2410.21360"}],"license":"CC BY","type":"Article","urls":["https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.21360"],"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"openaire____::55045bd2a65019fd8e6741a755395c8c","value":"Unknown Repository"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::9e3be59865b2c1c335d32dae2fe7b254","value":"Datacite"}},{"pids":[{"scheme":"arXiv","value":"2410.21360"}],"alternateIdentifiers":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1145/3770077"}],"accessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/","openAccessRoute":null},"type":"Preprint","urls":["http://arxiv.org/abs/2410.21360"],"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"opendoar____::6f4922f45568161a8cdf4ad2299f6d23","value":"arXiv.org e-Print Archive"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"opendoar____::6f4922f45568161a8cdf4ad2299f6d23","value":"arXiv.org e-Print Archive"}},{"alternateIdentifiers":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1145/3770077"}],"type":"Article","urls":["https://doi.org/10.1145/3770077"],"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"openaire____::d8b68cc0a53121f6f896883a7d60c1db","value":"DBLP"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::d8b68cc0a53121f6f896883a7d60c1db","value":"DBLP"}},{"alternateIdentifiers":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.48550/arxiv.2410.21360"}],"type":"Preprint","urls":["https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.21360"],"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"openaire____::d8b68cc0a53121f6f896883a7d60c1db","value":"DBLP"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::d8b68cc0a53121f6f896883a7d60c1db","value":"DBLP"}},{"alternateIdentifiers":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1145/3770077"},{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.48550/arxiv.2410.21360"},{"scheme":"oai","value":"oai:zenodo.org:17343658"},{"scheme":"arXiv","value":"arXiv:2410.21360"}],"license":"CC BY","accessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/","openAccessRoute":null},"type":"Other literature type","urls":["http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3770077","https://zenodo.org/records/17343658"],"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"opendoar____::358aee4cc897452c00244351e4d91f69","value":"ZENODO"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"opendoar____::358aee4cc897452c00244351e4d91f69","value":"ZENODO"}},{"license":"CC BY","accessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/","openAccessRoute":null},"type":"Preprint","urls":["https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/223241/"],"refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"opendoar____::ffd52f3c7e12435a724a8f30fddadd9c","value":"White Rose Research Online"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"opendoar____::ffd52f3c7e12435a724a8f30fddadd9c","value":"White Rose Research Online"}},{"license":"CC BY","accessRight":{"code":"c_abf2","label":"OPEN","scheme":"http://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/documentation/access_rights/","openAccessRoute":null},"type":"Article","urls":["https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/237162/"],"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"opendoar____::ffd52f3c7e12435a724a8f30fddadd9c","value":"White Rose Research Online"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"opendoar____::ffd52f3c7e12435a724a8f30fddadd9c","value":"White Rose Research Online"}},{"alternateIdentifiers":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1145/3770077"}],"type":"Article","urls":["http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3770077"],"refereed":"nonPeerReviewed","hostedBy":{"key":"issn___print::5db0ee5c350f2b2a145c56fee5832dc3","value":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology"},"collectedFrom":{"key":"openaire____::a8db6f6b2ce4fe72e8b2314a9a93e7d9","value":"Sygma"}}],"links":[{"header":{"relationType":"resultProject","relationClass":"isProducedBy","relatedIdentifier":"corda_____he::77ae3f140445ca92c4229f76b7b9c866","relatedRecordType":"project","relationProvenance":"sysimport:crosswalk:repository","trust":"0.9"},"collectedfrom":[{"dsId":"openaire____::3f264f93cf3b0cfc4ede188a6300455c","dsName":"CORDA - COmmon Research DAta Warehouse - Horizon Europe"}],"projectTitle":"AI-CODE - AI services for COntinuous trust in emerging Digital Environments","code":"101135437","funding":{"funder":{"id":"ec__________::EC","shortname":"EC","name":"European Commission","jurisdiction":{"code":"EU","label":"European Union"},"pid":null},"level0":{"id":"ec__________::EC::HE","description":"Horizon Europe Framework Programme","name":"HE"},"level1":{"id":"ec__________::EC::HE::HORIZON-IA","description":"HORIZON Innovation Actions","name":"HORIZON-IA"},"level2":{"id":null,"description":null,"name":null}},"startDate":"2023-12-01","endDate":"2026-11-30"},{"header":{"relationType":"resultProject","relationClass":"isProducedBy","relatedIdentifier":"corda_____he::ea9dd96868d12cf848346cbf9e1cd06d","relatedRecordType":"project","relationProvenance":"sysimport:crosswalk","trust":"0.9"},"collectedfrom":[{"dsId":"openaire____::3f264f93cf3b0cfc4ede188a6300455c","dsName":"CORDA - COmmon Research DAta Warehouse - Horizon Europe"}],"projectTitle":"vera.ai: VERification Assisted by Artificial Intelligence","code":"101070093","funding":{"funder":{"id":"ec__________::EC","shortname":"EC","name":"European Commission","jurisdiction":{"code":"EU","label":"European Union"},"pid":null},"level0":{"id":"ec__________::EC::HE","description":"Horizon Europe Framework Programme","name":"HE"},"level1":{"id":"ec__________::EC::HE::HORIZON-RIA","description":"HORIZON  Research and Innovation Actions","name":"HORIZON-RIA"},"level2":{"id":null,"description":null,"name":null}},"startDate":"2022-09-15","endDate":"2025-11-14"},{"header":{"relationType":"resultProject","relationClass":"isProducedBy","relatedIdentifier":"ukri________::4e33be3d5ae90454010ee9d2b0b49ab7","relatedRecordType":"project","relationProvenance":"sysimport:crosswalk:repository","trust":"0.9"},"collectedfrom":[{"dsId":"openaire____::92ed35af5f7f859de570d1d2919c09a4","dsName":"UK Research and Innovation"}],"projectTitle":"vera.ai: VERification Assisted by Artificial Intelligence","code":"10039055","funding":{"funder":{"id":"ukri________::UKRI","shortname":"UKRI","name":"UK Research and Innovation","jurisdiction":{"code":"GB","label":"United Kingdom"},"pid":null},"level0":{"id":"ukri________::UKRI::Horizon Europe Guarantee","description":"Horizon Europe Guarantee","name":"Horizon Europe Guarantee"},"level1":{"id":null,"description":null,"name":null},"level2":{"id":null,"description":null,"name":null}},"startDate":"2022-08-31","endDate":"2025-08-30"},{"header":{"relationType":"resultProject","relationClass":"isProducedBy","relatedIdentifier":"corda_____he::91a243ffff2df551546353162e475011","relatedRecordType":"project","relationProvenance":"sysimport:crosswalk:repository","trust":"0.9"},"collectedfrom":[{"dsId":"openaire____::3f264f93cf3b0cfc4ede188a6300455c","dsName":"CORDA - COmmon Research DAta Warehouse - Horizon Europe"}],"projectTitle":"AI-based-technologies for trustworthy solutions against disinformation","code":"101070190","funding":{"funder":{"id":"ec__________::EC","shortname":"EC","name":"European Commission","jurisdiction":{"code":"EU","label":"European Union"},"pid":null},"level0":{"id":"ec__________::EC::HE","description":"Horizon Europe Framework Programme","name":"HE"},"level1":{"id":"ec__________::EC::HE::HORIZON-RIA","description":"HORIZON  Research and Innovation Actions","name":"HORIZON-RIA"},"level2":{"id":null,"description":null,"name":null}},"startDate":"2023-01-01","endDate":"2026-02-28"}],"otherTitles":null,"inDiamondJournal":false,"green":true,"isGreen":true,"isInDiamondJournal":false}